Kongera gutunganya ibikoresho bya polyurethane mubushinwa
1, uruganda rukora polyurethane ruzatanga umusaruro mwinshi buri mwaka, bitewe nubushakashatsi bwibanze, bworoshye kubukoresha.Ibimera byinshi bifashisha uburyo bwo gutunganya no kugarura ibikoresho byakuweho.
2. Imyanda ya polyurethane ikoreshwa nabaguzi ntabwo yongeye gukoreshwa neza.Hariho inganda zimwe na zimwe zinzobere mu gutunganya imyanda polyurethane mu Bushinwa, ariko inyinshi muri zo usanga ahanini zitwikwa kandi zikoreshwa mu gutunganya umubiri.
3, hariho kaminuza nyinshi n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo, biyemeje gushakisha tekinoroji ya polyurethane y’ibinyabuzima n’ibinyabuzima, byasohoye ibyavuye mu masomo.Ariko mubyukuri shyira mubikorwa binini bya bake cyane, Ubudage H&S nimwe murimwe.
4, Ubushinwa bwo gutondekanya imyanda yo mu ngo bwatangiye, kandi gushyira mu byiciro bya nyuma ibikoresho bya polyurethane ni bike, kandi biragoye ko inganda zikomeza kubona imyanda polyurethane kugirango ikoreshwe nyuma yo kuyikoresha no kuyikoresha.Itangwa ridahwitse ryibikoresho byimyanda bituma bigora ibigo gukora.
5. Nta gipimo gisobanutse cyo kwishyuza cyo gutunganya no gutunganya imyanda minini.Kurugero, matelas ikozwe muri polyurethane, kubika firigo, nibindi, hamwe no kunoza politiki n’iminyururu y’inganda, inganda zitunganya ibicuruzwa zishobora kubona amafaranga menshi.
6, Huntsman yahimbye uburyo bwo gutunganya amacupa ya PET ya PET, nyuma yuburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya ibintu, mu gice cy’imiti n’ibindi bikoresho fatizo byabyaye umusaruro wa polyester polyol, ibikomoka ku bicuruzwa bigera kuri 60% bivuye mu macupa ya pulasitiki ya PET yongeye gukoreshwa, na polyester polyol ikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bya polyurethane kimwe mubikoresho byingenzi.Kugeza ubu, Huntsman irashobora gutunganya neza amacupa ya pulasitike ya miliyari 1 500ml PET ku mwaka, kandi mu myaka itanu ishize, amacupa ya pulasitike ya PET miliyari 5 zahinduwe zahinduwe toni 130.000 z’ibicuruzwa bya polyol kugira ngo bikore ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa polyurethane.
Gusubiramo umubiri
Ubu buryo ni tekinoroji ikoreshwa cyane.Ifuro yoroshye ya polyurethane isunikwa muri santimetero nyinshi z'ibice hamwe na crusher, hanyuma igiti cya polyurethane ntigishobora gutera muri mixer.Ibifatika bikoreshwa muri rusange ni polyurethane ifuro ifatanye cyangwa itumanaho rya NCO rishingiye kuri prepolymers rishingiye kuri polifenil polymethylene polyisocyanate (PAPI).Iyo ibishingwe bishingiye kuri PAPI bikoreshwa muguhuza no gukora, kuvanga amavuta nabyo birashobora gutwarwa. Mugihe cyo guhuza imyanda polyurethane, ongeramo 90% imyanda polyurethane, 10% ifata, ivanga neza, ushobora no kongeramo igice cyirangi, hanyuma ukande igitutu.
Thermosetting polyurethane yoroshye ifuro hamwe nibicuruzwa bya RIM polyurethane bifite urwego runaka rwo koroshya ubushyuhe bwumuriro mubushyuhe bwa 100-200 ℃.Mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi, imyanda polyurethane irashobora guhuzwa hamwe nta gufatira hamwe.Kugirango ibicuruzwa bitunganijwe neza birusheho kuba bimwe, imyanda akenshi irajanjagurwa hanyuma igashyuha kandi ikotswa igitutu.
Polyurethane yoroshye ifuro irashobora guhindurwa mubice byiza hamwe no gusya ubushyuhe buke cyangwa gusya, kandi ikwirakwizwa ryiyi ntera ryongewe kuri polyol, rikoreshwa mugukora ifuro rya polyurethane cyangwa ibindi bicuruzwa, ntabwo ari ukugarura gusa imyanda ya polyurethane, ariko kugabanya neza igiciro cyibicuruzwa.Ifu ya pulverized iri muri MDI ishingiye ku mbeho ikiza polyurethane ifuro yoroheje igarukira kuri 15%, kandi ifu ntarengwa ya 25% ishobora kwongerwaho kuri TDI ishingiye kubishyushye bishyushye.
Gutunganya imiti
Diol hydrolysis ni bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu kugarura imiti.Imbere ya diole ntoya (nka Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol) hamwe na catalizator (amine ya kaminuza, alcooline cyangwa ibinyabuzima byitwa organometallic), polyurethanes (ifuro, elastomers, ibicuruzwa bya RIM, nibindi) banywa inzoga mubushyuhe bwa hafi. 200 ° C mumasaha menshi kugirango ubone polyole nshya.Polyol yongeye gukoreshwa irashobora kuvangwa na polyole nshya yo gukora ibikoresho bya polyurethane.
Ifuro ya polyurethane irashobora guhindurwa muburyo bwambere polyole yoroshye hamwe na polyole ikomeye ukoresheje amination.Amolysis ni uburyo polyurethane ifuro ifata amine mugihe cyo gukanda no gushyushya.Amine yakoreshejwe arimo dibutylamine, Ethanolamine, lactam cyangwa lactam ivanze, kandi reaction irashobora gukorwa mubushyuhe buri munsi ya 150 ° C. Igicuruzwa cyanyuma ntigisaba kweza polyurethane yateguwe neza kandi irashobora gusimbuza burundu polyurethane yateguwe kuva mwimerere. polyol.
Dow Chemical yashyizeho uburyo bwo kugarura imiti ya amine hydrolysis.Inzira igizwe n'intambwe ebyiri: imyanda polyurethane ibora mo intungamubiri nyinshi ikwirakwizwa aminoester, urea, amine na polyol na alkylolamine na catalizator;Noneho reaction ya alkylation ikorwa kugirango ikureho amine ya aromatic mubikoresho byagaruwe, kandi polyoli ifite imikorere myiza nibara ryoroshye irabonetse.Uburyo bushobora kugarura ubwoko bwinshi bwa polyurethane, kandi polyol yagaruwe irashobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwinshi bwibikoresho bya polyurethane.Isosiyete ikoresha kandi uburyo bwo gutunganya imiti kugirango ibone polyol ikoreshwa mu bice bya RRIM, ishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu kuzamura ibice bya RIM kugera kuri 30%.
Uburyo bwa Hydrolysis - Sodium hydroxide irashobora gukoreshwa nka catalizike ya hydrolysis kugirango ibore polyurethane yoroshye nudusimba twinshi kugirango tubyare polyol hamwe na amine abahuza, bikoreshwa nkibikoresho bitunganijwe neza.
Alkalolysis: hydroxide ya polyether na alkali ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byangirika, kandi karubone ikurwaho nyuma yo kubora ifuro kugirango igarure polyoli na diamine nziza.
Inzira yo guhuza alcoolise na amolysis - polyether polyol, hydroxide ya potasiyumu na diamine ikoreshwa nkibintu byangirika, kandi ibinini bya karubone bivanwaho kugirango ubone polyol na diamine.Kwangirika kw'ibibyimba bikomeye ntibishobora gutandukana, ariko polyether yabonetse kubisubizo bya oxyde ya propylene irashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butaziguye.Ibyiza byubu buryo ni ubushyuhe buke (60 ~ 160 ℃), igihe gito nubunini bwinshi bwangirika.
Inzira ya fosifore yinzoga - polyole polyole hamwe na fosifate estogen ya halogenate nkibikoresho byangirika, ibicuruzwa byangirika ni polyol polyole na amonium fosifate ikomeye, gutandukana byoroshye.
Reqra, isosiyete yo mu Budage itunganya ibicuruzwa, iteza imbere tekinoroji yo gutunganya imyanda ya polyurethane ihendutse yo gutunganya imyanda y’inkweto za polyurethane.Muri ubu buryo bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa, imyanda yabanje kumenagurwa mo ibice 10mm, gushyushya muri reakteri hamwe na disipanseri kugirango isukure, amaherezo igarurwa kugirango ibone polyoli.
Uburyo bwo kubora bwa Fenol - Ubuyapani buzasesagura polyurethane yoroshye ifuro yajanjaguwe kandi ivangwa na fenolike, ishyutswe mu bihe bya acide, umugozi wa karbamate wacitse, uhujwe na groupe hydroxyl, hanyuma uhindure hamwe na fordehide kugirango ubyare resin, wongereho hexamethylenetetramine kugirango ubishimangire, birashobora kuba byateguwe n'imbaraga nziza no gukomera, ibicuruzwa byiza birwanya ubushyuhe bwa fenolike.
Pyrolysis - polyurethane yoroshye cyane irashobora kubora kubushyuhe bwinshi mugihe cya aerobic cyangwa anaerobic kugirango ibone ibintu byamavuta, kandi polyole irashobora kuboneka mugutandukana.
Gushyushya ubushyuhe no gutunganya imyanda
Kugarura ingufu mu myanda ya polyurethane ni tekinoroji yangiza ibidukikije kandi ifite agaciro mu bukungu.Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe gutunganya ibinyabuzima cya Polyurethane kirimo gukora ubushakashatsi aho 20% by’imyanda polyurethane yoroshye ifuro yongewe ku gutwika imyanda ikomeye.Ibisubizo byerekanye ko ivu n’ibisigazwa by’ibisigazwa bikiri mu bisabwa by’ibidukikije byagenwe, kandi ubushyuhe bwarekuwe nyuma y’imyanda myinshi yongewemo bikiza cyane gukoresha ibicanwa by’ibicanwa.Mu Burayi, ibihugu nka Suwede, Ubusuwisi, Ubudage na Danemark nabyo birimo kugerageza ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ingufu zagaruwe mu gutwika imyanda yo mu bwoko bwa polyurethane kugira ngo itange amashanyarazi n'ubushyuhe.
Ifuro ya polyurethane irashobora guhinduka ifu, yonyine cyangwa hamwe nandi ma plastiki yimyanda, kugirango isimbuze ifu yamakara kandi itwike mu itanura kugirango igarure ingufu zubushyuhe.Imikorere yo gutwika ifumbire ya polyurethane irashobora kunozwa na micropowder.
Mugihe habuze ogisijeni, ubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi na catalizator, polyurethane yoroshye hamwe na elastomers birashobora kubora kugirango babone gaze na peteroli.Amavuta yangirika yumuriro arimo polyoli zimwe, zisukuye kandi zishobora gukoreshwa nkibiryo, ariko muri rusange zikoreshwa nkamavuta ya lisansi.Ubu buryo burakwiriye gutunganya imyanda ivanze nandi plastiki.Kubora, polymer ya azote nka polyurethane ifuro irashobora gutesha agaciro cataliste.Kugeza ubu ubu buryo ntabwo bwakiriwe neza.
Kubera ko polyurethane ari polymer irimo azote, uko uburyo bwo kugarura umuriro bwakoreshwa, uburyo bwiza bwo gutwika bugomba gukoreshwa kugirango hagabanuke kubyara aside ya azote na amine.Amatanura yaka agomba kuba afite ibikoresho bikwiye byo gutunganya gaze.
Umubare munini wimyanda myinshi ya polyurethane irajugunywa mumyanda.Ifuro imwe ntishobora gukoreshwa, nka polyurethane ifuro ikoreshwa nkibiti byimbuto.Kimwe nandi plastiki, niba ibikoresho bihora bihamye mubidukikije, bizarundanya igihe, kandi hari igitutu kubidukikije.Mu rwego rwo kubora imyanda ya polyurethane y’imyanda mu bihe bisanzwe, abantu batangiye gukora ibinyabuzima byangiza poliurethane.Kurugero, molekile ya polyurethane irimo karubone, selile, lignine cyangwa polycaprolactone nibindi binyabuzima bishobora kwangirika.
Gusubiramo Intambwe
Mu mwaka wa 2011, abanyeshuri ba kaminuza ya Yale bavuze amagambo igihe bavumbuye igihumyo cyitwa Pestalotiopsis microspora muri uquateur.Agahumyo gashobora gusya no kumenagura plastike ya polyurethane, ndetse no mu bidukikije bidafite umwuka (anaerobic), bishobora no gutuma bikora munsi y’imyanda.
Mu gihe umwarimu wayoboye uruzinduko rw’ubushakashatsi yihanangirije kwirinda gutegereza byinshi mu byagaragaye mu gihe gito, ntawahakana ubujurire bw’igitekerezo cy’uburyo bwihuse, busukuye, butagira ingaruka nziza kandi karemano bwo guta imyanda ya plastiki .
Nyuma yimyaka mike, uwashushanyije Katharina Unger wo muri Studio ya LIVIN yafatanije nishami rya mikorobe ya kaminuza ya Utrecht gutangiza umushinga witwa Fungi Mutarium.
Bakoresheje mycelium (umurongo, intungamubiri z ibihumyo) byibihumyo bibiri bikunze kuribwa cyane, harimo ibihumyo bya oster na schizophylla.Mugihe cyamezi menshi, fungus yangije rwose imyanda ya plastike mugihe ikura mubisanzwe hafi yicyayi cya AGAR kiribwa.Ikigaragara ni uko plastiki ihinduka ibiryo bya mycelium.
Abandi bashakashatsi nabo bakomeje gukora kuri iki kibazo.Mu 2017, Sehroon Khan, umuhanga mu kigo cy’isi gishinzwe ubuhinzi n’ubuhinzi n’itsinda rye bavumbuye ikindi gihumyo cyangiza plastiki, Aspergillus tubingensis, mu myanda i Islamabad, muri Pakisitani.
Agahumyo karashobora gukura ari benshi muri polyester polyurethane mu mezi abiri hanyuma ukagabanyamo uduce duto.
Itsinda ryo muri kaminuza ya Illinois, riyobowe na Porofeseri Steven Zimmerman, ryashyizeho uburyo bwo kumena imyanda ya polyurethane no kuyihindura ibindi bicuruzwa byingirakamaro.
Umunyeshuri urangije Ephraim Morado yizeye gukemura ikibazo cyimyanda ya polyurethane hifashishijwe imiti ya polymers.Nyamara, polyurethanes irahagaze neza kandi ikozwe mubice bibiri bigoye kumeneka: isocyanates na polyoli.
Polyoli ni ingenzi kuko zikomoka kuri peteroli kandi ntizitesha agaciro byoroshye.Kugira ngo birinde izo ngorane, itsinda ryakoresheje imiti ya acetal yangirika byoroshye kandi ikabura amazi.Ibicuruzwa byangirika bya polymers yashonze hamwe na acide trichloroacetic na dichloromethane mubushyuhe bwicyumba birashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bishya.Nkigihamya cyibitekerezo, Morado ishoboye guhindura elastomers, ikoreshwa cyane mubipfunyika nibice byimodoka, mubifata.
Ariko inenge nini yubu buryo bushya bwo kugarura ni ikiguzi nuburozi bwibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa mugukora reaction.Kubwibyo, abashakashatsi kuri ubu barimo kugerageza gushaka inzira nziza kandi ihendutse kugirango bagere kubikorwa bimwe bakoresheje umusemburo woroheje (nka vinegere) kugirango ugabanuke.
Kugerageza ibigo
1. Gahunda yubushakashatsi bwa PUReSmart
2. Umushinga FOAM2FOAM
3. Tenglong Brilliant: Gusubiramo ibikoresho bya polyurethane byo kubika ibikoresho byubaka
4. Adidas: Inkweto ziruka rwose
5. Salomon: Kongera gutunganya inkweto za TPU zuzuye kugirango ukore inkweto za ski
6. Cosi: Chuang ikorana na komite ishinzwe gutunganya matelas kugirango iteze imbere ubukungu bwizunguruka
7. Isosiyete yo mu Budage H&S: Polyurethane ifuro rya alcoolisike yo gukora matelas ya sponge
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-30-2023